The Legacy Of The Holocaust - 859 Words

As Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel once said, â€Å"To forget a Holocaust is to kill twice,† that is why we are called to remember. Many movies, novels, and story representations of the Holocaust have been created in order to spread the memory of the past. An important part of remembering is learning, and therefore not repeating the same mistakes once again. Movies may find it difficult to represent the Holocaust accurately, while also giving it meaning and artistic expression. The writer, Edwin de Vries, and the director, Jeroen Krabbà ©, strive to represent the legacies of the Holocaust and Jewish culture in the film, Left Luggage (1998), based on a novel by Carl Friedman through a portrayal of the daily lives of Holocaust survivors and their children in late 1960s Antwerp, their direct confrontations with their memories of the Holocaust, and character development. The film shows us many examples of the legacy of the Holocaust as it is passed through the children of survivors, a nd how it continues to affect their daily lives. The audience understands the intentions through depictions of muteness and the necessity to remember. The film mainly illustrates the life of Chaya, a politically active young woman who grows to embrace her culture after bonding with Simcha, a young Hasidic Jewish boy. Chaya very rarely visits her parents, and understands and cares little about their past and their experience with the Holocaust. Her mother refuses to speak about it and spends her energy bakingShow MoreRelatedAnne Frank And The Holocaust1016 Words   |  5 Pageswho had a bright future, but it was taken away from her by the Nazi’s and Holocaust. Before the Holocaust, Anne Frank was just the typical young girl. During the Holocaust, she had to adapt to a dangerous situation. Then, after her death, she has left a legacy that has impacted the hearts of many. Through Anne Frank’s early childhood years, the years during the Holocaust, and the years after her death she has left a legacy that has influenced American culture. Annelies Marie Frank was born on JuneRead MoreHolocaust And The Moving Image Moves Through The Five Areas Of Its Concentration981 Words   |  4 PagesTo answer the questions formulated through the symposium, Holocaust and the Moving Image moves through the five areas of its concentration, with the first section devoted to Film as Witness. This section uses a number of still photographs taken from personal and archival films created by the liberators of the Nazi camps to demonstrate how these films were acquired. Of interest is the idea that the liberating soldiers initially charged with simple document(ary) filming soon learned to develop andRead MoreEssay on Causes Effects of the Holocaust1422 Words   |  6 PagesCauses Effects of the Holocaust There are times in history when desperate people plagued by desperate situations blindly give evil men power. These men, once given power, have only their own evil agendas to carry out. The Holocaust was the result of one such mans agenda. In short simplicity, shear terror, brutality, inhumanity, injustice, irresponsibility, immorality, stupidity, hatred, and pure evil are but a few words to describe the Holocaust. A holocaust is defined as a disaster thatRead MoreMaya Lin: Planning to Design the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC762 Words   |  4 Pagesmemorial are able to give respect towards Lincolns legacy as a whole. The purpose of the monument plays a factor in the agency and groups design of the monument. Other factors that agencies and groups should consider when creating a monument is the location. A Holocaust museum was created within the Mall in Washington DC, however, some people believed that the United States should not have built the memorial because they did little to stop the Holocaust from occurring (Source E). Even though it wasRead MoreEssay On Columbus Day1399 Words   |  6 Pagescolonization: to conquer and enslave the people and the land for golds and richest. We as Americans celebrate Columbus Day to remember the achievements that Columbus has done. However, we shouldn’t celebrate Columbus Day because of what Columbian legacy left a negative impact in our history and that the Spaniards treated the natives poorly during their colonization to gain gold and silver. In the past, we conquer lands while enslaving those who live the land to meet our personal needs. WhatRead MoreThe Holocaust Denial1324 Words   |  6 Pagessociety to improve. The Holocaust, one of the most well-known history events, represents a perfect historical example of discrimination and racism. However, a number of people started to deny the known facts of the Holocaust and even the event itself. Despite of what these people say and how convincing their reasons are, this piece of history is to be protected from being revised; evidence of the Holocaust strongly proves the existence of the Holocaust and that Holocaust denial is a sheer absurdityRead MoreThe Audience Of The Life, Achievements, And Legacy Of Nazi World War II1075 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience of the life, achievements, and legacy of Nazi World War II hero, Oskar Schindler. Introduction I. 6 million people. 6 million innocent people died in the Holocaust. Now I want you to ask yourself, if you were alive to witness this period of mass genocide and had the opportunity to save even one innocent life, even if it meant risking your own, would you have? The answer to this very question is what forever defines Oskar Schindler s legacy II. Many of you may know of him throughRead MoreIn Spiegelman’s Maus, Even the Dedications Are an Essential Part of the Text.’804 Words   |  4 PagesSpiegelman’s Maus is a graphic novel which explores events of the holocaust and the uniting of a father and son. Though often overlooked the dedications play an integral role in better understanding the text. The dedications do not influence the meaning of the book but do reinforce events in the book. Spiegelman dedicates the first book to his mother as an attempt to rid himself of the guilt associated with his mother’s suicide. In an attempt to not have the same short comings as his father, ArtRead MoreHolocaust And The Moving Image912 Words   |  4 PagesHolocaust and the Moving Image: representations in film and television since 1933, is a collection of essays that grew out of the 2001, Holocaust, Genocide, and the Moving Image: Film and Television Representations Since 1933 symposium held at the Imper ial War Museum in London. The conference, was designed to address the historic, social, educational, and psychological relationships bound to the experiences of the Holocaust and film, while reaching forward to actualize the knowledge and expertiseRead MoreAdolf Hitler Essay814 Words   |  4 Pagescountries did not succeed. He broke many of his alliances that did not favored him or â€Å"his country† in any way. Hitler had promised many things, but in that promises he excluded the Jews. Hitler began to persecute and execute Jews. He began the Holocaust, which did not favor any Jew. He captured Jews and placed them in concentration camps. Along the way he killed more than six million Jews. Hitler was recorded saying to his associates, we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews.

True Character of a Man - 1019 Words

Oedipus is a great King, and an even greater man, as Sophocles presents Oedipus in the play Oedipus the King. Oedipus originally comes to Thebes as a young man avoiding an awful fate and finds himself rescuing the people of Thebes from the Sphinx. Oedipus is wise as he speaks with her and deciphers her riddle, â€Å"What goes on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three at evening?† giving the answer of â€Å"man†. Little did Oedipus know this riddle would be an analogy of his life as King in Thebes. Oedipus is benevolent; Priest and men come to Oedipus to pray he save the city from a plague, Oedipus addresses his people, as his children, and begs them come inside to speak to him and tell him their woes. Oedipus is just and honorable; as he†¦show more content†¦Time and again Oedipus pauses to reflect and take council from his peers, showing his wisdom that he alone is not enough to unravel this affliction to the city. Benevolence is often a trait not associated with a King, but Oedipus is benevolent. Oedipus sees the people of Thebes as his children not simply his subjects. He wishes to speak to them directly and not through messengers and so he addresses them directly. Oedipus swears in every way he is able to help his people with their afflictions, even before he knows what they have come to ask him. Oedipus finds himself sick with worry and sympathy for his people as they suffer, he suffers with them. Oedipus is able to temper this benevolence in place of patience. When the holy prophet Teiresias is brought to Oedipus to share any knowledge or insight on the plague, Oedipus loses his patience but exemplifies his benevolence. Teiresias at first declines to give any advice to Oedipus drawing the ire of the King as he says he will not tell what he knows for it is his misery to bear. Once he does share the information, that Oedipus himself is to blame for the plague of the city, Oedipus’ benevolence prevails. Many Kings o f history and literature may have had the tongue of the man removed, declared treason and death, or even have struck a man for such insolence, but Oedipus simply became angry and sent the prophetShow MoreRelatedWilliam Moliere s Tartuffe As A Threat Of Reason1138 Words   |  5 Pagesaddresses in Tartuffe as he establishes his characters. In satire characters are usually very one dimensional and unchanging. They are simply there to represent an idea. Therefore, rather than using character development, Moliere uses character establishment to shape his story and theme. This is most notably seen in the last two scenes of act one in Tartuffe as he establishes the characters of Orgon, Cleante and Tartuffe. In the establishment of these three characters Moliere forms a strong point about reason’sRead MoreEssay about Shrek and Reversal of Fairytale Tradition1505 Words   |  7 PagesTradition Shrek directed Andrew Andamson and Vicky Jenson by contradicts the traditional view of a fairytale characters and settings. Although your first impressions may lead you to believe that that the story is totally different to a traditional fairytale looking more closely you find that there are a few similarities. This essay will be looking at the characters and the different presentational devises used to show how fairytale traditions are reversed. The presentationalRead MoreComparison Of True Grit And The Outsiders1695 Words   |  7 Pagesworthy for a film adaptation. With a variety of these adaptations, the film directors attempt to capture the messages that were portrayed in the book and faithfully develop each of the book’s characters. Moreover, two certain books which were favored for their loving characters and encouraging themes are True Grit by Charles Portis and The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton. While the 1968 western novel by Portis follows a young girl, who goes on an adventure in pursuit of avenging her father’s death, theRead MoreAll My Sons By Arthur Miller1631 Words   |  7 Pagestension to conflict between characters. In Arthur Miller’s play, All My Sons, dramatic tension is created by using theoretical devices and language, utilizing conflicting character personalities, dramatic irony, and character development, to exhibit dramatic tension in order to keep the audience engaged in the play. ACT 1 At the beginning of Act One, when Keller gives the audience first impressions of characters, the audience begins to foreshadow conflicts between the characters based on each individualRead MoreTwelfth Night Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesare seen by the audience, but not seen by the characters in the play. There are many points involving love, friendship, conflicts and confusion. Twelfth Night displays characters that are mad, in love, and desperate for love. Twelfth Night has many conflicts that occur because characters fail to listen to messages. Viola is a character who has just thought that her brother has died in a shipwreck that they were both in. Viola disguises herself as a man to seek employment under the Duke Orsino’s courtRead MoreComparison Of Masculinity In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pages Alternative characters in the play contrast Macbeth and Lady Macbeths twisted perception of a man by allowing their emotions and not giving in to traditional gender roles. When taking a look at masculinity in Macbeth, MacDuff’s is an aforementioned character. Shakespeare gives MacDuff phrases, which contrast the misguided ways of Macbeth and his Lady, and also show that there is hope in masculinity. It is obvious that MacDuff is Shakespeares ideological adaptation of a real man. MacDuff knowsRead MoreThe True Nature Of Shakespeares Characters In Othello1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Nature of William Shakespeare’s Characters in â€Å"Othello† Ever since it’s creation over four centuries ago, William Shakespeare’s classic tragedy â€Å"Othello†, has reigned as one of the greatest play’s of all time. Being widely studied and analyzed, there should be no question as to why this piece has remained so relevant, even within the twisting and turbulent times of the 20th century and beyond. With copious amounts of today’s youth becoming caught and obsessed with the virtual life of socialRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1599 Words   |  7 PagesBroadway New York, NY USA 10027 Dear Pulitzer Prize Judging Board: The Old Man and the Sea by American author, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Pulitzer Prize it received because of the author s use of craft elements, the realness of all of the characters and events, and the lasting themes that are relevant to the year it was written that were created by this realness, which in turn created a legacy. The first reason The Old Man and the Sea deserved its Pulitzer Prize is because of the author’s use ofRead MoreTwelfth Night and Crossdressing1429 Words   |  6 Pagesplay Twelfth Night encapsulates what it meant to be a man and women throughout the 16th century. The roles of each gender were set in stone, and one could not publicly cross over under any circumstances. During Shakespearean times women were not even allowed to portray themselves on stage, men played their roles instead. In my opinion Shakespeare uses the play to show the hypocrisy of the status quo that held people from expressing their true identity. Twelfth Night demonstrates that professionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Nature In Jack Londons To Build A Fire1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn Jack Londons â€Å"To Build A Fire† the story follows a man and his dog in the Klondike and their obstacles of trying to get to the boys which are his compatriots. The story revolves around the winter and how mankind reacts to the wild. The author uses nature to illustrate the poem’s tone by vilifying nature and using it as an obstacle. In the story â€Å"To Build A Fire† the climate is cold. â€Å"Before the coming of winter, the old-timer from Sulphur Creek had warned him that one should always travel in

Strategic Management in Non Profit Organizations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management in Non Profit Organizations. Answer: Introduction Strategic management is about the recognition as well as the explanation of the strategies which managers needs to carry forward so that better performance as well as a competitive advantage for the organization can be achieved. However, strategic management and strategic planning of the organizations is fundamental the model as well as the methods utilized for the implementation of profit making along with nonprofit making differs from one organization to the other (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). In profit-making organizations, it can be observed that they plan the strategies that would enhance the wealth of the shareholders or the owners along with which it may have profit orientation (Bryce, 2017). However, a detail literature review on the Strategic managements of the non-profit organizations will be done in this assignment. At the very beginning of conducting a literature review the research scope has been identified and as far as this assignment the specific research question has been find out which is the Strategic management in non-profit organizations, e.g. charities and NGOs. The initial work was to research about the topic in various journals, articles as well as well-established websites, scholarly books and dissertation. Then follow that an understanding was developed that what all sources are available, what can help accurately in the literature review along with the track of properly citing those resources. Google scholar was mainly used to find out sources so that the work can be appropriately cited. Then follows the important part where the critical analysis is done based on the topic selected through the resources collected. However, the analysis will further explore the relationships, important themes and any critical gap if any in the research conveyed in this work. Moreover, the views of the scholars are discussed in the literature review part and further a discussion has been drawn from that literature review, which summarizes what the findings are and if the findings are matching with the research question or not (Byrne, Keary Lawton, 2012). Theory of resource dependency Erwin (2013) has stated that for nonprofit leaders, board members as well as fundraising staffs it is important to understand the essence fundraising and the reason behind strategic choices that can be made by the organizations is concerning fundraising. Moreover, Pfeffer and Salanciks theory of resource dependency is mainly a study on how the external resources of an organization have an effect on the behavior of the organization. However, it further explains that organizational behavior is a display of the strategic management of the organizations dependency on an external resource as well as the emerging demands of the donor directing the resources (AbouAssi, 2013). Moreover, the external resources for any non-profit organization are mainly the donated funds and gifts those are in kinds. There are acquired goods and services mostly for larger, national as well as international nonprofits, but these organizations are also found to have focused a huge deal of time as well as attenti on on gaining voluntary financial supports, which yielded few or no tangible benefits to the donor. In a research study by Scherhag and Boenigk (2013), their study is mainly of mixed-methods based on the non-profit donor treatment with considerations to communications as well as stewardship among the organizations as well as their donors or would be donors. Scherhag and Boenigk concluded that the persuaded logic of the industry, which is approaching the wealthier donors along with the would-be donors favorably as opposed to the outlook. This is generally taken with fewer giving donor base and would be maintained under scrutiny as supplying with greater overall revenue to the cultural nonprofit, expressing nonprofit organizations offer preferential treatment for the most profitable donors in order to build a stronger relationship with them and to secure (the) scarce resource (of donations)(Scherhag Boenigk, 2013, p. 446). Strategic management has a role in organizational success Strategic management has a connection with the success of the organization that has been supported by Rouse, n.d.by stating that strategic management is the constant planning, observation, evaluation and assessment of all, which is important of a non-profit organization to achieve their goals and objectives. In the support, organizational success has been further defined as the attainment of increased as well as sustainable outcomes (McKinney, 2015). Nonprofit organizations however, supplies a distinctive public trust function in the society in which they mainly offers public benefits via private and voluntary actions. However, according to Anheier (2014), the visions of non-profit organizations are to have a perfect future. Their missions that help implement those visions along with their goals all are programmatic concerning service measures along with financial in reference to measuring fundraising that permits those goals to be met and their tactics as well as policies accomplish ed in order to attain the goals must all be ranged in purpose. Therefore, values, virtues as well as integrity in both of the purpose as well as execution of arranged plans to execute tactics and policies must be constantly at the head of the non-profit organizations apprehensions of why it exists even though realizing that reality requires adaptation in those tactics as well as politics. Acclaiming for the precious resources, which mainly involves the finances that by definition come from the advantageous graces of external stakeholders those who are in favor of the organizations vision as well as mission, must be consistent. Moreover, apart from tactical adjustments in return to the external realities the nonprofit organizations should serve themselves as a living organism, evolving and learning so that to get ever-improved in respect to their effectiveness. The multi-faceted mandate is the one that can guide much non-profit organization to face the strategic management, which is considered as the long-standing practice in the world of business. Hawthorne in 2015 in his study has said that strategic management includes pleasing stakeholders who are necessary to a nonprofits victory as the stakeholders help the total movement of a nonprofit organization. Moreover, Candler and Dumont (2010), has stated that nonprofit stakeholders involves the clients, donors along wit h recourse suppliers, experts or the regulators, staff members, partners or the allies, constituents, the policy influenced targets, the members, general public as well as media (Evans, 2013). According to Anheier (2014), not only do the nonprofit stakeholders survive internally as well as externally to their corresponding organizations but they also survive in relations to multiple organizations in which the nonprofit organizations greatly varies in scope as well as functions. He has further stated that in the united states, their members as well as the public can get services in the fields of arts, education along with public policy, financial services, health and human services, the environment, humanitarian and disaster relief, human rights, fraternal and lastly, professional associations, religion and so on. However, nonprofit sector are having an essential and universal role in the lives of many people. Therefore, the general nonprofit organizations must be harsh in working in such a way so that not to be wasteful with their resources so that they can have the greatest and the widest positive effect on behalf of their stakeholders along with functioning with complete clarity and accountability. However, in another article of Hasenfeld and Garrow (2012), Kelly Frank has described that a decrease in the funding of the government is the latest paradigm for the nonprofits that are customary to grand funding existing as a stable source that either stays flat or expands each day. The reduction is mainly poignant and sarcastic at present as there is an increase among the needs of the community. Moreover, in another study by Mosley (2012), Oster has continued by saying that this lessens funding are concerned with another persistent issue that is the increased competition where both among nonprofit as well as between nonprofits and for-profit or public organizations. He further stated that both the clients of as well as donors of the nonprofit have strengthen their demands for professional, systematic provision of goods as well as services. The tax and rules of accounting and their standards are modifying. Therefore, in this surrounding, several nonprofit organizations have revolved to the managerial tools among the for-profit sector for assistance. On the other hand, the nonprofit organizations are not similar to that of the for-profit and so the dispersal of ideas over the sectors not every time moves evenly. Business model of strategic management In another study by van Fenema and Loebbecke (2014), in support of the fact that nonprofits have revolved to the business model of the strategic management Polonsky and Grau has stated that several approaches has been adjusted from those among the for-profit sector. However, Anheier has further stated that strategic management is a procedure through which the organizations can evolve as well as regulate their visions, programs, performance as well as directions, which are mainly long term. He continued saying that it further encloses the entire organization and inspects the organization in the context of broader fields or surroundings. This further enhancing the strategies for action on wider apprehensions of the position of the organization, looking forward in search to predict the likely conditions in the external surrounding from a medium to long run and pursue to identify the vital changes that is needed in the organization if it wants to continue with their mission efficiently i n the future. In another article by Omar, Leach and March (2014), it says that alliance between the nonprofit as well as the business sectors is broadly consider as a procedure that is beneficial for the society, business as well as the nonprofit organizations. However, this very process has seldom being considered from the nonprofit perspective. In this article, the discussion is mainly about a new structure to guide nonprofit organizations in enhancing strategic alliances with business. It further argued, by existing strategically proactive than being reactive to what might the business provide, nonprofits can enhance the scale of their cross-sector alliances and therefore, develop their sustainability. In another article by Akingbola (2013), he came up with a model based on strategic nonprofit human resource management (SNHRM) which mainly extracts sources from the resource-based view as well as resource dependence theory further define the origins of the strategic human resource management (SH RM) in the nonprofit organizations. However, in the article three assisting principles, then types of strategy as well as propositions has are bestowed which can describe the complicated interactions and processes which are taking place in the strategic nonprofit human resource management system. This particular article also places a basis for the upcoming researches and provides the managers a structure for the SHRM planning as well as execution in the nonprofit organization. On the other hand, Ridder, Piening and Baluch (2012), has emphasized that nonprofit organizations are facing high demands so that they can be more systematic and effective mainly in their increasing financial cutbacks, the high demands for services as well as the push towards the strategic management which is performance related. However, Human resource management do plays an important role while coping the challenges in an organization. However, within the field of nonprofit organization there is very few tha t is known about the importance of HRM in the management system. This article further defines that a shift has been made towards a more dominant strategic management in the arrangement of HRM. This article thus, emphasizes and contributes by revealing a third way in the nonprofit organization to observe a specific contribution of this HRM to tackle the challenge the organization face in their interior or exterior environment. Thus, from the critical analysis on the topic Strategic management in non-profit organizations, e.g. charities and NGOs mainly has been found to discuss that strategic management do have an essential part to play in the nonprofit organizations and this has been supported by various researchers who have shown interest in this topic. Along with the theories the critical analysis also have contributed that strategic management do have a huge part in the organizations success. Another beneficial strategic management can be the collaboration among the nonprofit organizations with the business sectors that came in the critical analysis. Conclusion Therefore, from the above report it can be said that strategic management is mainly the description of the strategies that the managers take for organizational benefits. Moreover, in profit-making organizations they plan the strategies that would enhance the wealth of the shareholders or the owners along with which it may have profit orientation. As per the critical analysis, it has been found that the articles are also largely supporting that statement that strategic management does have an important role to play in nonprofit organization be it for their success or be it supporting their finances, resources or stakeholders. References AbouAssi, K. (2013, June). Integrating resource dependency theory and theory of weak ties to understand organizational behavior.InPublic Management Research Conference. Madison, United States of America. June(pp. 20-22). Akingbola, K. (2013). A model of strategic nonprofit human resource management.Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,24(1), 214-240. Anheier, H. (2014).Nonprofit organizations: Theory, management, policy(2nded.).London: Routledge. Bryce, H. J. (2017).Financial and strategic management for nonprofit organizations. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Byrne, M., Keary, E., Lawton, A. (2012).How to conduct a literature review.The Irish Psychologist. Erwin, C. O. (2013). Classifying and comparing fundraising performance for nonprofit hospitals.Journal of health and human services administration, 24-60. Evans, P. (2013).Choreography and Performance: A phenomenological study of accountability relationships between non-profits and government.University of Manitoba (Canada). Hasenfeld, Y., Garrow, E. E. (2012).Nonprofit human-service organizations, social rights, and advocacy in a neoliberal welfare state.Social Service Review,86(2), 295-322. Hawthorne, M. (2015).Role of Nonprofit Stakeholders. Retrieved June 27, 2015, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-nonprofit-stakeholders-32096.html Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization.Cengage Learning. McKinney, P. (2015). Organizational Success: Factors Definition | Study.com. Retrieved June 27, 2015, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/organizational-success-factors-definition-quiz.html Mosley, J. E. (2012). Keeping the lights on: How government funding concerns drive the advocacy agendas of nonprofit homeless service providers.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,22(4), 841-866. Omar, A. T., Leach, D., March, J. (2014).Collaboration between nonprofit and business sectors: a framework to guide strategy development for nonprofit organizations.Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(3), 657-678. Ridder, H. G., Piening, E. P., Baluch, A. M. (2012). The third way reconfigured: How and why nonprofit organizations are shifting their human resource management.VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,23(3), 605-635. Rouse, M. (n.d.). What is strategic management? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved June 27, 2015, from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/strategic-management Scherhag, C., Boenigk, S. (2013). Different or equal treatment? Donor priority strategy and fundraising performance assessed by a propensity score matching study.Nonprofit Management and Leadership,23(4), 443-472. vanFenema, P. C., Loebbecke, C. (2014). Towards a framework for managing strategic tensions in dyadic interorganizational relationships.Scandinavian Journal of Management,30(4), 516-524.

Platos Phaedo Essays (1332 words) - Platonism,

Plato's Phaedo Beth Kirkpatrick 1 October 13, 2000 Dr. Meadors Phaedo Plato: Concerning Souls, The World of Forms, and Particulars Phaedo, written by Plato, is intended to be an account of the final moments of Socrates' life as he is preparing to be put to death for poisoning the minds of the youth of Athens. Socrates proceeds to explain to his followers that there is a soul and his reasoning. Plato employed the conversational structure as a way of presenting dialogue. He used Socrates in this pattern of argumentation to examine each issue from several perspectives using speculation from Socrates' peers. This explored the interplay of alternative ideas while subjecting all of them to evaluation by reason. Plato incorporates his theory of Forms in which the World of Forms and the World of Particulars categorizes abstract and concrete images. In order to contemplate the World of Forms and Particulars, a foundation for the reasoning of the soul and its specifics must be established. Plato's idea of the soul as a separate entity parallels that of the Judeo-Christian beliefs today. He taught of the divinity of the soul and the immortality. Plato believed the pure soul goes on and the evil soul stays doomed to wander. He believed that those virtuous in life would be rewarded with peace and knowledge. The idea of reincarnation was justified in the principle of recollection, 2 this being the acquirement of knowledge at the moment of birth. This awareness at birth includes two types of existences: that of the visible, the body, and that of the invisible, the soul. The soul also represents the divine and the body as mortal. This concept entails opposites. He felt this provided support of reincarnation in that life succumbs to death and death generates life. Awareness leads into the foundation for the World of Forms and the World of Particulars. Plato's abstracts in the World of Forms are denoted with capital letters with Equal, Just, and Beauty Itself as the most popular examples. These, according to Plato, are true reality. What humans experience with their senses are the impure shadows of reality. The supreme Form is that of the Good, which supercedes all other ideas. This principle is upheld by the popular myth of the cave. The good can be paralleled with the sun. Ultimately, the theory of the Forms is intended to explain how one comes to know and how things have come to be as they are. Plato's theory of Forms is both an epistemological and ontological thesis. In order to understand the realities which the soul and the mind can only grasp, this knowledge of Forms was bestowed upon an individual before their actual birth. This would conclude that one might look forward to death as a release from bodily limitations and provide opportunities for the acquisition of higher knowledge. Sensory perception awakens the information bestowed on an individual prior to birth. 3 Plato's idea of learning is rooted in the concept of recollection. Recollection may be the source of our true opinions about the most fundamental features of reality. The World of Forms is abstract, full of ideas, or can be perceived as the ideal world. The Forms exist independently of the sensible world. The World of Particulars is the material world, in that nothing is perfect. Ordinary objects are changeable, but they faintly resemble the perfect and immutable forms. Any information acquired concerning sensible objects is temporary, insignificant, and unreliable; while genuine knowledge of the Forms is undoubtedly certain. The soul and mind are the in the World of Forms, and the body is in the World of Particulars. Plato's view has often been referred to as idealism. Forms can not be comprehended by senses, only by the mind. Hence, there is a standard by which to judge individual objects. The concept of Beauty can best be used to understand idealism. One can see a beautiful person or object, but Beauty Itself can not be seen or heard. Thus, Beauty can only be identified by having prior acquaintance with Beauty Itself. Beautiful things such as flowers and women can only be beautiful to a certain degree. Ideas are like perceptions of nonsensible realities that exist independently. Visual perceptions may be more or less accurate, but conceptual accuracy